Fifty Years of Fixed Optical Networks Evolution: A Survey of Architectural and Technological Developments in a Layered Approach

Over the past fifty years, telecommunications has transformed, in an unprecedented manner, way we live, work and communicate. For telecommunications, fixed networks are one pillar wireless other. The their generations have been extensively investigated literature; however, lack a consistent exploration of evolution. this purpose, our motivation is to present review evolution holistic from various different perspectives, which can assist engineers students understand, better way, how broadband developed main features current networking environment. Specifically, review, aim shed light on most important technologies, standards milestones such as service perspective, perspective (both access core part) physical layer perspective. Our study follows timeline five defined by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) F5G group discusses key achievements limitations each generation for infrastructure segment, designating issues widely-adopted technologies standards. Finally, analysis helps reveal technical challenges that need be addressed telecom network community, energy efficiency, capacity scaling, cost-efficiency, etc., while also revealing potential future directions.